Vladimir Lenin: Russian Revolutionary

Vladimir Lenin: Russian Revolutionary



“There is no other man who is absorbed by the
revolution twenty-four hours a day, who has no other
thoughts but the thought of revolution, and who even
when he sleeps, dreams of nothing but revolution.”--
another Communist, speaking of Lenin
Vladimir Lenin was one of the century's
most important leaders. Unhappy and
disillusioned with the Russian monarchy, he led
a group called the Bolsheviks in a revolution that
gave him control of the largest nation in the
world.
Born in 1870, Lenin was raised by two
educated parents in a happy family. He showed
intelligence and skill with classical languages.
While in his teens, two shocks jolted his world.
First, his father was threatened with losing his
job by the government. Second, Lenin's older
brother was hanged for conspiring against the
czar. Within two years, Lenin had read the work
of Karl Marx and believed that Russia needed a
Communist revolution.
Lenin then began to write and to recruit
new followers. He was arrested and served 15
months in prison followed by three years of
exile in Siberia. When that ended in 1900, he
traveled abroad, where he spent much of the next
17 years. During this time, he sharpened his
ideas about Marxism
Marxism said that industrial workers,
called the proletariat, were in a struggle against
capitalists, the people that owned businesses.
Eventually, Marx said, the workers would
overthrow the capitalists and form a new society
called communism. However, Russia consisted
mainly of peasants and only had a small number
of industrial workers. Marxists wondered how a
workers' revolution could occur.
Lenin saw the role of the party as
essential, and his group became known as the
Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, he said, would lead
the people to the revolution they needed.
However, many Marxists found it difficult to
accept Lenin's iron rule. In 1912, he forced
those who disagreed with him out of the party.
World War I brought another crisis.
Communists all over Europe ignored class
loyalty and chose to fight for their country
instead. They joined their nations' armies to
fight each other-not the capitalists. Lenin said
that the war would help capitalists profit while
workers suffered. He urged that Communists
"transform the imperialist war into a civil war."
As the war continued, the Russian
people suffered terribly. In March 1917, hungry,
angry workers and soldiers overthrew the czar.
Lenin and his supporters won permission from
Germany to travel through German lands back
to Russia.
Lenin accepted the new temporary
government but said that it was not revolutionary
enough. He urged that power go to the soviets,
which were councils of workers set up in many
cities. His position grew dangerous. He was
branded a German agent and was forced to live
in hiding in Finland. From that base, he issued a
stream of writings urging immediate Russian
withdrawal from the war and for the government
to give land and bread to the people. These cries
gained popularity. In late October, he returned to
Russia, disguised for his safety. He persuaded
the party's leaders that it was time to overthrow
the provisional government but watched with
alarm as no steps were taken. Finally, on
November 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the
temporary government. The soviets chose the
47-year-old Lenin as their leader.
Lenin quickly made peace with
Germany, giving up large chunks of Russian
territory A civil war, though, still raged in Russia
between the Bolsheviks and their opponents.
However, Lenin's leadership ensured that the
new government would survive.
With peace came the question of bow to
rule the new state. The country was named the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the
Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communist
Party. In Lenin's last years, he struggled to
prevent Stalin from gaining power. Lenin
became ill and died in 1924.

ON THE GRAVE OF KARL MARX FROM THE RUSSIAN SOCIALISTS

ON THE GRAVE OF KARL MARX
FROM THE RUSSIAN SOCIALISTS



"In the name of all Russian socialists I send a last farewell greeting to the outstanding Master
among all the socialists of our times. One of the greatest minds has passed away, one of the most
energetic fighters against the exploiters of the proletariat has died.
"The Russian socialists bow before the grave of the man who sympathised with their strivings in
all the fluctuations of their terrible struggle, a struggle which they shall continue until the final
victory of the principles of the social revolution. The Russian language was the first to have a
translation of Capital that gospel of contemporary socialism. The students of the Russian
universities were the first to whose lot it fell to hear a sympathetic exposition of the theories of the
mighty thinker whom we have now lost. Even those who were opposed to the founder of the
International Working Men's Association in respect of practical questions of organisation were
obliged always to bow before his comprehensive knowledge and lofty power of thought which
penetrated the substance of modern capital, the development of the economic forms of society and
the dependence of the whole history of mankind on those forms of development. Even the most
vehement opponents that he found in the ranks of the revolutionary socialists could not but obey
the call that he and his lifelong friend sent into the world 35 years ago:
"'Proletarians of All Countries, Unite!'
"The death of Karl Marx is mourned by all who have been able to grasp his thought and appreciate
his influence upon our time.
"I allow myself to add that it will be still more deeply mourned by those who associated closely
with Marx, especially by those who loved him as a friend.


TELEGRAM


"The Paris branch of the French Workers' Party expresses its grief at the loss of the thinker whose
materialist conception of history and analysis of capitalist production founded scientific socialism
and the present revolutionary communist movement. It also expresses its respect for Marx as a
man and its complete agreement with his doctrines.
"The Secretary, Lipine."
Paris, March 16, 1883

KARL MARX'S FUNERAL

KARL MARX'S


On Saturday, March 17, Marx was laid to rest
in Highgate Cemetery, in the same grave in
which his wife had been buried fifteen months
earlier.
At the graveside Gottlieb Lemke laid two
wreaths with red ribbons on the coffin in the
name of the editorial board and dispatching
service of the Sozialdemokrat and in the name
of the London Communist Workers' Educational
Society.
Frederick Engels then made the following
speech in English:
"On the 14th of March, at a quarter to
three in the afternoon, the greatest living
thinker ceased to think. He had been left
alone for scarcely two minutes, and when
we came back we found him in his
armchair, peacefully gone to sleep-but
forever.
"An immeasurable loss has been
sustained both by the militant proletariat
of Europe and America, and by historical
science, in the death of this man. The gap
that has been left by the departure of this
mighty spirit will soon enough make
itself felt.
"Just as Darwin discovered the law of
development of organic nature, so Marx
discovered the law of development of
human history: the simple fact, hitherto
concealed by an overgrowth of ideology,

that mankind must first of all eat, drink,
have shelter and clothing, before it can
pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.;
that therefore the production of the
immediate material means of subsistence
and consequently the degree of economic
development attained by a given people
or during a given epoch form the
foundation upon which the state
institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and
even the ideas on religion, of the people
concerned have been evolved, and in the
light of which they must, therefore, be
explained, instead of vice versa, as had
hitherto been the case.
"But that is not all. Marx also discovered
the special law of motion governing the
present-day capitalist mode of production
and the bourgeois society that this mode
of production has created. The discovery
of surplus value suddenly threw light on
the problem, in trying to solve which all
previous investigations, of both bourgeois
economists and socialist critics, had been
groping in the dark.
"Two such discoveries would be enough
for one lifetime. Happy the man to whom
it is granted to make even one such
discovery. But in every single field which
Marx investigated -- and he investigated
very many fields, none of them
superficially -- in every field, even in that
of mathematics, he made independent
discoveries.
"Such was the man of science. But this
was not even half the man. Science was
for Marx a historically dynamic,
revolutionary force. However great the
joy with which he welcomed a new
discovery in some theoretical science
whose practical application perhaps it was
as yet quite impossible to envisage, he
experienced quite another kind of joy
when the discovery involved immediate

revolutionary changes in industry and in
historical development in general. For
example, he followed closely the
development of the discoveries made in
the field of electricity and recently those
of Marcel Deprez.
"For Marx was before all else a
revolutionist. His real mission in life was
to contribute, in one way or another, to
the overthrow of capitalist society and of
the state institutions which it had brought
into being, to contribute to the liberation
of the modern proletariat, which he was
the first to make conscious of its own
position and its needs, conscious of the
conditions of its emancipation. Fighting
was his element. And he fought with a
passion, a tenacity and a success such as
few could rival. His work on the first
Rheinische Zeitung (1842), the Paris
Vorw?rts! (1844), Br?sseler Deutsche
Zeitung (1847), the Neue Rheinische
Zeitung (1848-49), the New York Tribune
(1852-61), and in addition to these a host
of militant pamphlets, work in
organisations in Paris, Brussels and
London, and finally, crowning all, the
formation of the great International
Working Men's Association -- this was
indeed an achievement of which its
founder might well have been proud even
if he had done nothing else.
"And, consequently, Marx was the
best-hated and most calumniated man of
his time. Governments, both absolutist
and republican, deported him from their
territories. Bourgeois, whether
conservative or ultra-democratic, vied
with one another in heaping slanders
upon him. All this he brushed aside as
though it were cobweb, ignoring it,
answering only when extreme necessity
compelled him. And he died beloved,
revered and mourned by millions of

revolutionary fellow-workers -- from the
mines of Siberia to California, in all parts
of Europe and America -- and I make
bold to say that though he may have had
many opponents he had hardly one
personal enemy.
"His name will endure through the ages,
and so also will his work!"
Then Marx's son-in-law Longuet read the following addresses which had been received in French.

THE DEATH OF KARL MARX

 KARL MARX


Marx was was laid to rest in Highgate
Cemetery on Saturday, March 17 1883, in the
same grave as his wife, Jenny, buried 15 months
earlier.
ARTICLES BY ENGELS:
Mar 17 Highgate Cemetery, London:
Engels' speech
 
Mar 20 La Justice: Draft of a Speech at
the Graveside of Karl Marx
 
Mar 22 Der Sozialdemokrat: Karl Marx's
Funeral
 
May 03 Der Sozialdemokrat: On The
Death of Karl Marx
 
May 17 Der Sozialdemokrat: On The
Death of Karl Marx


On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in
the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased
to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two
minutes, and when we came back we found him
in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep -- but
for ever.
An immeasurable loss has been sustained both
by the militant proletariat of Europe and
America, and by historical science, in the death
of this man. The gap that has been left by the
departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough
make itself felt.
Just as Darwin discovered the law of
development or organic nature, so Marx
discovered the law of development of human
history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an
overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first
of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing,
before it can pursue politics, science, art,
religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means, and consequently the degree
of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch, form the foundation upon
which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people
concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of
vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.
But that is not all. Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-day capitalist
mode of production, and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created. The discovery of
surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of
both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark.
Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy the man to whom it is granted to make
even one such discovery. But in every single field which Marx investigated -- and he investigated very
many fields, none of them superficially -- in every field, even in that of mathematics, he made

Such was the man of science. But this was not even half the man. Science was for Marx a historically
dynamic, revolutionary force. However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some
theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he
experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in
industry, and in historical development in general. For example, he followed closely the development of
the discoveries made in the field of electricity and recently those of Marcel Deprez.
For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. His real mission in life was to contribute, in one way or
another, to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it had brought into being,
to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the first to make conscious of its
own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of its emancipation. Fighting was his element.
And he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival. His work on the first
Rheinische Zeitung (1842), the Paris Vorwarts (1844), the Deutsche Brusseler Zeitung (1847), the Neue
Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49), the New York Tribune (1852-61), and, in addition to these, a host of
militant pamphlets, work in organisations in Paris, Brussels and London, and finally, crowning all, the
formation of the great International Working Men's Association -- this was indeed an achievement of
which its founder might well have been proud even if he had done nothing else.
And, consequently, Marx was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time. Governments, both
absolutist and republican, deported him from their territories. Bourgeois, whether conservative or
ultra-democratic, vied with one another in heaping slanders upon him. All this he brushed aside as
though it were a cobweb, ignoring it, answering only when extreme necessity compelled him. And he
died beloved, revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow workers -- from the mines of
Siberia to California, in all parts of Europe and America -- and I make bold to say that, though he may
have had many opponents, he had hardly one personal enemy.
His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work.

Scarcely 15 months ago most of us assembled
round this grave, then about to become the last
resting place of a grand and noble-hearted
woman. Today we have it reopened, to receive
what remains of her husband.
Karl Marx was one of those pre-eminent men
of whom a century produces not many. Charles
Darwin discovered the law of development of
organic nature upon our planet. Marx is the
discoverer of the fundamental law according to
which human history moves and develops itself,
a law so simple and self-evident that its simple
enunciation is almost sufficient to secure assent.
Not enough with that, Marx had also discovered
the law [which] has created our actual state of
society with its great class-division of capitalists
and wages-labourers; the law according to
which that society has become organised, has grown until it [has] almost outgrown itself, and according
to which it must ultimately perish like all previous historical phases of society. Such results render it all
the more painful that he should have been taken from us in the midst of his work, and that, much as he
did, still more he left uncompleted.
But science, though dear to him, was far from absorbing him entirely. No man could feel a purer joy
than he when a new scientific progress was secured anywhere, no matter whether practically applicable
or not. But he looked upon science above all things as a grand historical lever, as a revolutionary power
in the most eminent sense of the word. And as such he used, to such purpose he wielded that immense
knowledge, especially of history in all its branches of which he disposed.
For he was indeed, what he called himself, a Revolutionist. The struggle for the emancipation of the
class of wages-labourers from the fetters of the present capitalistic system of economic production, was
his real element. And no more active combatant than he ever existed. The crowning effort of this part of

his work was the creation of the International Working Men's Association of which he was the
acknowledged leader from 1864-72. The Association has disappeared, as far as outward show goes; but
the fraternal bond of union of the working men of all civilised countries of Europe and America is
established once for ever, and continues to live even without any outward, formal bond of union.
No man can fight for any cause without creating enemies. And he has had plenty of them. For the greater
part of his political life he was the best hated and best slandered man in Europe. But he scarcely ever
noticed calumny. If ever man lived calumny down, he did, and at the time of his death he could look with
pride upon the millions of his followers, in the mines of Siberia as well as in the workshops of Europe
and America; he saw his economical theories adopted as the undisputed creed of universal socialism, and
if he still had many opponents, there was scarcely one personal enemy left.

Maya Basics

Maya Basics

Introduction

Critical to learning any software application is some initial understanding of
the basic concepts: how that software’s world works and the fundamental skills
you need to work in that world. If you have never used a three dimensional
(3D) software application before, you may initially find Maya different compared
to 2D applications.


If you are wondering gwhere do I begin?h, this chapter is the best place to
start. We recommend that you complete the lessons in this chapter so the
essential concepts and skills presented become familiar to you.
This chapter covers some of the fundamental concepts and skills for Maya in
four lessons:
¡ Lesson 1 The Maya user interface: Introduction on page 15
¡ Lesson 2 Creating, manipulating, and viewing objects: Introduction on
page 29
¡ Lesson 3 Viewing the Maya 3D scene: Introduction on page 42
¡ Lesson 4 Components and attributes: Introduction on page 61
Preparing for the lessons
To ensure the lessons work as described:
¡ Ensure Maya is installed and licensed on your computer.
If you have not installed Maya yet, refer to the Installation and Licensing
manual that accompanies your Maya software package. It outlines the
requirements for installing Maya and procedures for installation and
licensing Maya on supported hardware platforms.
¡ If you have never started Maya on your computer before, it will start for
the first time using the default preference settings.
¡ If you have run Maya before, you should ensure that your Maya user
preferences are reset to their default setting. This ensures that the lessons
appear and work as described.
Refer to Restoring default user settings on page 11 for instructions on
resetting user preferences to the default setting.
¡ Unless otherwise indicated, the directions in this chapter for making menu
selections assume youfre working from the Polygons menu set.

C++ PROGRAMMS

TO SPECIFY STRING FUNCTION

#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
Get_Name(string); // Get's your name.
system("Pause");
return 0;
}

String Get_Name(string name); // String to get user's name.
{
string name;
cout << "What is your name?" << endl;
cin >> name;
return name;
}

Using a Union

A C++ union is a limited form of the class type. It can contain access specifiers (public, protected, private), member data, and member functions, including constructors and destructors. It cannot contain virtual functions or static data members. It cannot be used as a base class, nor can it have base classes. Default access of members in a union is public.

A C union type can contain only data members.

In C, you must use the union keyword to declare a union variable. In C++, the union keyword is unnecessary:

A database
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images.
In computing, databases are sometimes classified according to their organizational approach. The most prevalent approach is the relational database, a tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A distributed database is one that can be dispersed or replicated among different points in a network. An object-oriented programming database is one that is congruent with the data defined in object classes and subclasses.
Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles. Typically, a database manager provides users the capabilities of controlling read/write access, specifying report generation, and analyzing usage. Databases and database managers are prevalent in large mainframe systems, but are also present in smaller distributed workstation and mid-range systems such as the AS/400 and on personal computers. SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for making interactive queries from and updating a database such as IBM's DB2, Microsoft's SQL Server, and database products from Oracle, Sybase, and Computer Associates.
A database Normalization

Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data (for example, storing the same data in more than one table) and ensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing related data in a table). Both of these are worthy goals as they reduce the amount of space a database consumes and ensure that data is logically stored.

/* Write a C++ Data structure program to perform the following operations:
a) Insert an element into a binary search tree.
b) Delete an element from a binary search tree.
c) for a key element in a binary search tree. */

#include<iostream>

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

using namespace std;

void insert(int,int );

void delte(int);

void display(int);

int search(int);

int search1(int,int);

int tree[40],t=1,s,x,i;

main()

{

            int ch,y;

            for(i=1;i<40;i++)

            tree[i]=-1;

            while(1)

            {

cout <<"1.INSERT\n2.DELETE\n3.DISPLAY\n4.SEARCH\n5.EXIT\nEnter your choice:";

                        cin >> ch;

                        switch(ch)

                        {

                        case 1:

                                     cout <<"enter the element to insert";

                                     cin >> ch;

                                     insert(1,ch);

                                     break;

                        case 2:

                                     cout <<"enter the element to delete";

                                     cin >>x;

                                     y=search(1);

                                     if(y!=-1) delte(y);

                                     else cout<<"no such element in tree";

                                     break;

                        case 3:

                                     display(1);

                                     cout<<"\n";

                                     for(int i=0;i<=32;i++)

                                     cout <<i;

                                     cout <<"\n";

                                     break;

case 4:

                                     cout <<"enter the element to search:";

                                     cin >> x;

                                     y=search(1);

                                     if(y == -1) cout <<"no such element in tree";

                                     else cout <<x << "is in" <<y <<"position";

                                     break;

                        case 5:

                                     exit(0);

                        }

            }

}

void insert(int s,int ch )

{

            int x;

            if(t==1)

            {

                        tree[t++]=ch;

                        return;

            }

            x=search1(s,ch);

            if(tree[x]>ch)

                        tree[2*x]=ch;

            else

                        tree[2*x+1]=ch;

            t++;

}

void delte(int x)

{

            if( tree[2*x]==-1 && tree[2*x+1]==-1)

                        tree[x]=-1;

            else if(tree[2*x]==-1)

                  {    tree[x]=tree[2*x+1];

                        tree[2*x+1]=-1;

                  }

            else if(tree[2*x+1]==-1)

                  {    tree[x]=tree[2*x];

                        tree[2*x]=-1;

                  }

            else

            {

              tree[x]=tree[2*x];

              delte(2*x);

            }

            t--;

}

int search(int s)

{

if(t==1)

{

cout <<"no element in tree";

return -1;

}

if(tree[s]==-1)

return tree[s];

if(tree[s]>x)

search(2*s);

else if(tree[s]<x)

search(2*s+1);

else

return s;

}

void display(int s)

{

if(t==1)

{cout <<"no element in tree:";

return;}

for(int i=1;i<40;i++)

if(tree[i]==-1)

cout <<" ";

else cout <<tree[i];

return ;

}

int search1(int s,int ch)

{

if(t==1)

{

cout <<"no element in tree";

return -1;

}

if(tree[s]==-1)

return s/2;

if(tree[s] > ch)

search1(2*s,ch);

else search1(2*s+1,ch);

}

OUTPUT
1.INSERT
2.DELETE
3.DISPLAY
4.SEARCH
5.EXIT
Enter your choice:3
no element in tree:
0123456789011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132
1.INSERT
2.DELETE
3.DISPLAY
4.SEARCH
5.EXIT
Enter your choice:1
Enter the element to insert 10
1.INSERT
2.DELETE
3.DISPLAY
4.SEARCH
5.EXIT
Enter your choice:4
Enter the element to search: 10
10 is in 1 position
1.INSERT
2.DELETE
3.DISPLAY
4.SEARCH
5.EXIT
Enter your choice:5

C++ Selection Sort

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

/*
* Program to read a list of integers from standard input and print them in
* sorted order.  This uses a simple selection sort.
*
* Author: Tom Bennet
*/

/*
* Swap function for sorting.
*/
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
        int tmp;                                /* Exchange temp value. */

        tmp = *a;
        *a = *b;
        *b = tmp;     
}

/*
* Sort the array.  It receives a pointer to the start of the data and the
* number of items.
*/
void sort(int *data, int size)
{
        int minloc;                     /* Loc of minimum. */

        for(minloc = 0; minloc < size - 1; ++minloc) {
                int scan;
                for(scan = minloc + 1; scan < size; ++scan)
                        if(data[minloc] > data[scan])
                                swap(&data[minloc], &data[scan]);
        }
}

/*
* Main program.  Reads the integers into an array, sorts them, and
* prints them out.
*/
const int MAX_NUM_INTS = 100;
int main()
{
        int ints[MAX_NUM_INTS];         // Where the numbers go.
               
        // Read them in.
        int i;
        for(i = 0; i < MAX_NUM_INTS && cin >> ints[i]; ++i);
        int numints = i;

        // Sort them.
        sort(ints, numints);

        // Print them.
        cout << "==================" << endl;
        for(int i = 0; i < numints; ++i)
                cout << ints[i] << endl;
        cout << "==================" << endl;
}

To convert a decimal number into binary

#include <iostream>

#include <conio .h>

using namespace std;

void main()

{

            int dec,rem,i=1,sum=0;

            cout< <"Enter the decimal to be converted:"<<endl;

            cin>>dec;

            do

            {

                        rem=dec%2;

                        sum=sum + (i*rem);

                        dec=dec/2;

                        i=i*10;

            }while(dec>0);

            cout< <"The binary of the given number is:"<<sum<<endl;

            getch();

} 

Program to read a file and count blank space, characters,numbers & speical char

/* to read a file and count blank space, characters,numbers & speical char */

#include

main()

{ char filename[20],ch;

FILE *fp;

int x=0,y=0,z=0,p=0,q=0;

clrscr();

printf("\nEnter the name of the file");

scanf("%s",filename);

fp=fopen(filename,"r");

if(fp==NULL)

{ printf("\nError in reading");

getch();

return;

}

while((ch=fgetc(fp))!=EOF)

{ if(ch==' ')

x=x+1;

else if((ch>='A' && ch<='Z') || (ch>='a' && ch<='z'))

y=y+1;

else if(ch>=0 && ch<=9)

z=z+1;

else if(ch=='\n' || ch=='\r' || ch=='\t')

p=p+1;

else

q=q+1;

}

fclose(fp);

printf("\nBlank space=%d",x);

printf("\nAlphabets =%d",y);

printf("\nNumbers =%d",z);

printf("\nWhite spaces=%d",p);

printf("\nSpecial char=%d",q);

getch();

}

jayakumat IAS

Spatial Offsets

Spatial Offsets


3D animators will be familiar with the idea that every
object (or layer) has a pivot point. In After Effects, there
are two fundamental ways to make a layer pivot around a
different location: change the layer’s own Anchor Point
setting, or parent it to another layer.
After Effects is generally designed to preserve the appearance
of the composition when you are merely setting up
animation, toggling 3D on, and so forth. Therefore editing
an anchor point position with the Pan Behind tool triggers
the inverse offset to the Position property. Parent a layer to
another layer and the child layer maintains its relative position
until you further animate either of them.
It’s typically best to set up your offsets and hierarchy before
animating, although this section shows how to go about
changing your mind once keyframes are in place. The
Option key is key to all options.

Anchor Point


The Pan Behind tool (Y) repositions an anchor point in
the Composition panel and offsets the Position value to
compensate. This prevents the layer from appearing in a
different location on the frame in which you’re working.
The Position offset is for that frame only, however, so if
there are Position keyframes, the layer may appear offset
on other frames if you drag the anchor point this way. To
reposition the anchor point without changing Position
. Change the Anchor Point value in the Timeline
. Use the Pan Behind tool in Layer view instead
. Hold the Option key as you drag with the Pan Behind
tool



Any of these options lets you reposition the anchor point
without messing up an animation by changing one of the
Position keyframes.
You can also animate the anchor point, of course; this
allows you to rotate as you pan around an image while
keeping the view centered. If you’re having trouble seeing
the anchor point path as you work, open Layer view and
choose Anchor Point Path in the View pop-up menu




Parent Hierarchy
Layer parenting, in which all of the Transform settings
(except Opacity, which isn’t really a Transform setting) are
passed from parent to child, can be set up by revealing the
Parent column in the Timeline. There, you can choose a
layer’s parent either by selecting it from the list, or by dragging
the Pickwhip to the parent layer, and use the setup as
follows:
. Parenting remains valid even if the parent layer moves,
is duplicated, or changes its name.
. A parent and all of its children can be selected by
context-clicking the parent layer and choosing Select
Children.
. Parenting can be removed by choosing None from the
Parent menu.
. Null Objects (Ctrl+Alt/Command+Option+Shift+Y)
exist only to be parents; they are actually 100 × 100
pixel layers that do not render.


You probably knew all of that. You might not know what
happens when you add the Option key to Parent settings:
. Hold Option as you select the None option and the
layer reverts to the Transform values it had before
being parented (otherwise the offset at the time None
is selected remains).
. Hold Option as you select a Parent layer and its Transform
data at the current frame applied to the child
layer prior to parenting.
This last point is a very cool and easily missed method for
arraying layers automatically. You duplicate, offset, and
parent to create the fi rst layer in a pattern, then duplicate
that layer and Option+Parent it to the previous duplicate.
It behaves like the Duplicate and Offset option in Illustrator


Motion Blur

Motion blur is obviously essential to a realistic shot with a
good amount of motion. It is the natural result of movement
that occurs while a camera shutter is open, causing
objects in the image to be recorded at every point from the
shutter opening to closing. The movement can be individual
objects or the camera itself.
Although it essentially smears layers in a composition,
motion blur is generally desirable; it adds to persistence
of vision, relaxes the eye, and is a natural phenomenon.
Aesthetically, it can be quite beautiful.
The typical idea with motion blur in a realistic visual effects
shot is to match the amount of blur in the source shot,
assuming you have reference; if you lack visual reference, a
camera report can also help you set this correctly.
A moving picture camera has a shutter speed setting that
controls the amount of motion blur. This is not the camera’s
frame rate, although the shutter does obviously have
to be fast enough to accommodate the frame rate. A typical
fi lm camera shooting 24 frames per second has a shutter
that is open half the time, or 1⁄48 of a second.
Motion blur occurs in your natural vision, although you
might not realize it—stare at a ceiling fan in motion, and
then try following an individual blade around instead and
you will notice a dramatic difference. There is a trend in
recent years to use extremely high-speed electronic shutters,
which drastically reduces motion blur and gives the
psychological effect of heightened awareness by making
your eye feel as if it’s tracking motion in this manner.

This seems to have started with live television sports coverage
and the use of extremely fast shutters for slow motion
replay cameras.

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