Big Bang premises

· Under Big Bang premises, the fine structure constant must
vary with time. [59]

· Measurements of the two-point correlation function for
optically selected galaxies follow an almost perfect power law
over nearly three orders of magnitude in separation. However,
this result disagrees with n-body simulations in all the Big
Bang’s various modifications. A complex mixture of gravity,
star formation, and dissipative hydrodynamics seems to be
needed. [60]
· Emission lines for z > 4 quasars indicate higher-than-solar
quasar metallicities. [61] The iron-to-magnesium ratio
increases at higher redshifts (earlier Big Bang epochs). [62]
These results imply substantial star formation at epochs
preceding or concurrent with the QSO phenomenon, contrary
to normal Big Bang scenarios.
· The absorption lines of damped Lyman-alpha systems are seen
in quasars. However, the HST NICMOS spectrograph has
searched to see these objects directly in the infrared, but failed
for the most part to detect them. [63] Moreover, the relative
abundances have surprising uniformity, unexplained in the Big
Bang. [64] The simplest explanation is that the absorbers are in
the quasar’s own environment, not at their redshift distance as
the Big Bang requires.
· The luminosity evolution of brightest cluster galaxies (BGCs)
cannot be adequately explained by a single evolutionary
model. For example, BGCs with low x-ray luminosity are
consistent with no evolution, while those with high x-ray
luminosity are brighter on average at high redshift. [65]