QSOs

· An excess of QSOs is observed around foreground clusters.
Lensing amplification caused by foreground galaxies or
clusters is too weak to explain this association between high

and low-redshift objects. This apparent contradiction has no
solution under Big Bang premises that does not create some
other problem. In particular, dark matter solutions would have
to be centrally concentrated, contrary to observations that
imply that dark matter increases away from galaxy centers.
The high-redshift and low-redshift objects are probably
actually at comparable distances, as Arp has maintained for 30
years. [47]
· The Big Bang violates the first law of thermodynamics, that
energy cannot be either created or destroyed, by requiring that
new space filled with “zero-point energy” be continually
created between the galaxies. [48]
· In the Las Campanas redshift survey, statistical differences
from homogenous distribution were found out to a scale of at
least 200 Mpc. [49] This is consistent with other galaxy
catalog analyses that show no trends toward homogeneity even
on scales up to 1000 Mpc. [50] The Big Bang, of course,
requires large-scale homogeneity. The Meta Model and other
infinite-universe models expect fractal behavior at all scales.
Observations remain in agreement with that.
· Elliptical galaxies supposedly bulge along the axis of the most
recent galaxy merger. But the angular velocities of stars at
different distances from the center are all different, making an
elliptical shape formed in that way unstable. Such velocities
would shear the elliptical shape until it was smoothed into a
circular disk. Where are the galaxies in the process of being
sheared?